深水鉆井是勘探開發的龍頭．而深水石油機械防噴器組是保證鉆井作業安全最關鍵的設備。深水鉆井過程中石油機械防噴器安裝在高壓井口頭上．當井內油、氣，水的壓力超過鉆井液形成的液柱壓力時，可將井口封閉以防止井噴。從鉆桿內壓入重泥漿時．可替換出受氣侵的泥漿，增加井內液柱壓力，以壓住高壓油氣。深水石油機械防噴器組及控制系統集機械、電子、液壓等多項技術于一體，技術含量高，產品附加值高。目前深水石油機械防噴器組及其控制系統的生產制造技術主要被少數外國公司所壟斷。

同(tong)時，石(shi)油機(ji)械防噴(pen)器(qi)的操作(zuo)不當(dang)或者失效將導(dao)致嚴重井(jing)噴(pen)事故，201 0年4月，英國BP公司租用(yong)的深水地(di)平(ping)線(xian)號鉆井(jing)平(ping)臺在(zai)(zai)墨西(xi)哥灣Macondo區塊作(zuo)業時發生井(jing)噴(pen)失控事故的主要原(yuan)因是由于在(zai)(zai)石(shi)油機(ji)械防噴(pen)器(qi)閘板間存在(zai)(zai)一段(duan)鉆桿，導(dao)致剪切閘板(BSR)未能完全(quan)關閉和密封。

近幾(ji)年，國內(nei)開展(zhan)了不(bu)少關(guan)于深水石(shi)油(you)機(ji)械防(fang)(fang)噴器(qi)(qi)方(fang)面的研究(jiu)。截止目前，并未發(fa)現有文獻對石(shi)油(you)機(ji)械防(fang)(fang)噴器(qi)(qi)組(zu)配置的關(guan)鍵因(yin)素進(jin)行比鞍詳細(xi)分(fen)析(xi)。本文在介(jie)紹石(shi)油(you)機(ji)械防(fang)(fang)噴器(qi)(qi)組(zu)基本配置方(fang)法的基礎上，開展(zhan)石(shi)油(you)機(ji)械防(fang)(fang)噴器(qi)(qi)配置關(guan)鍵因(yin)素分(fen)析(xi)．重點研究(jiu)閘(zha)板數量與(yu)(yu)類型、石(shi)油(you)機(ji)械防(fang)(fang)噴器(qi)(qi)感度、壓(ya)(ya)力等級(ji)、節流壓(ya)(ya)井管線．蓄能器(qi)(qi)能力以(yi)及輔助(zhu)控制系統等的影響(xiang)分(fen)析(xi)。相(xiang)關(guan)參數與(yu)(yu)結(jie)論可為我國深水石(shi)油(you)機(ji)械防(fang)(fang)噴器(qi)(qi)組(zu)的設計與(yu)(yu)應(ying)用提(ti)供參考。

深水石(shi)油(you)機械防噴(pen)器組將全封(feng)和半封(feng)兩種功能合為(wei)一體(ti)，具有結構(gou)簡(jian)單(dan)，易操作，耐壓(ya)高等特點，其作用是在發生(sheng)井(jing)噴(pen)或者井(jing)涌(yong)時(shi)控制井(jing)口(kou)壓(ya)力，在臺(tai)風等緊急情況下懸(xuan)掛(gua)鉆(zhan)柱、關閉井(jing)口(kou)，保(bao)證人員、設(she)備安(an)全，避免海(hai)洋環境污染(ran)和油(you)氣資源破壞(huai)。

深水石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)按(an)功能(neng)分為(wei)閘(zha)板石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。萬能(neng)（環(huan)(huan)形(xing)）石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和旋(xuan)轉石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。閘(zha)板石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)包(bao)括閘(zha)板全(quan)封式(shi)和半封式(shi)，全(quan)封式(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)封住整(zheng)個井(jing)口，半封式(shi)封住有(you)(you)鉆(zhan)桿存在(zai)時的井(jing)口環(huan)(huan)形(xing)斷(duan)面；萬能(neng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)(ke)在(zai)緊急(ji)情況下啟動，可(ke)(ke)處理(li)任何尺寸(cun)的鉆(zhan)具和空(kong)井(jing)；旋(xuan)轉石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)(ke)實現(xian)邊(bian)噴(pen)(pen)邊(bian)鉆(zhan)作業(ye)。環(huan)(huan)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分為(wei)單環(huan)(huan)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和雙環(huan)(huan)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)．其中(zhong)分別裝有(you)(you)一個環(huan)(huan)形(xing)膠芯和兩個環(huan)(huan)形(xing)膠芯。閘(zha)板石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分為(wei)單閘(zha)板石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、雙閘(zha)板石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、三閘(zha)板石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，分別裝有(you)(you)一副、兩副和三副閘(zha)板，以(yi)密封不(bu)同(tong)管柱(zhu)或(huo)空(kong)井(jing)。深水石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系統(tong)由(you)表面控制(zhi)系統(tong)，多路調制(zhi)控制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)連(lian)接電纜，連(lian)接軟(ruan)管以(yi)及水下部(bu)分組成，其中(zhong)水下部(bu)分包(bao)括深水石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組（～般是由(you)環(huan)(huan)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和閘(zha)板石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組合而成），蓄能(neng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，水下控制(zhi)箱等(deng)。

閘(zha)(zha)板(ban)(ban)石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)噴器(qi)主要由(you)殼體、油(you)(you)缸．活塞、和(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)板(ban)(ban)總成組成．安(an)裝時使用(yong)(yong)(yong)螺栓將(jiang)石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)噴器(qi)底部的(de)(de)(de)法蘭與井口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)套(tao)管(guan)頭法蘭連接在(zai)一起。閘(zha)(zha)板(ban)(ban)石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)噴器(qi)閘(zha)(zha)板(ban)(ban)總成有四(si)種類型(xing)：盲板(ban)(ban)（全(quan)封閘(zha)(zha)板(ban)(ban)）、管(guan)子(zi)(zi)閘(zha)(zha)板(ban)(ban)、可(ke)變徑芯子(zi)(zi)閘(zha)(zha)板(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)剪(jian)切閘(zha)(zha)板(ban)(ban)。石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)噴器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)殼體是(shi)通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)，目前液(ye)壓(ya)控制的(de)(de)(de)閘(zha)(zha)板(ban)(ban)石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)噴器(qi)是(shi)國內外廣泛采用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)類型(xing)，其優(you)點是(shi)：開(kai)關動(dong)作迅速，操作輕便省力，使用(yong)(yong)(yong)安(an)全(quan)可(ke)靠，維修保(bao)養容易。當發(fa)生并噴或者井涌時，高壓(ya)動(dong)力液(ye)進入(ru)左右的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)缸關閉腔(qiang)，推動(dong)活塞帶動(dong)著閘(zha)(zha)板(ban)(ban)軸及(ji)閘(zha)(zha)板(ban)(ban)總成沿閘(zha)(zha)板(ban)(ban)室(shi)內導向筋限定的(de)(de)(de)軌道分別向井口(kou)中(zhong)心(xin)移(yi)動(dong)，實(shi)現封井。同理要實(shi)現石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)防(fang)噴器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)啟(qi)，需要將(jiang)高壓(ya)動(dong)力液(ye)引入(ru)左右液(ye)缸開(kai)啟(qi)腔(qiang)。

石(shi)油機(ji)械防(fang)噴器(qi)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)由(you)平臺發出控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)信號，信號通(tong)過電纜傳遞到水(shui)下電磁閥(fa)(fa)操(cao)作(zuo)其動(dong)作(zuo)，從而打(da)開相應的(de)液壓(ya)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)，將蓄能器(qi)中的(de)高壓(ya)動(dong)力液導入相應的(de)石(shi)油機(ji)械防(fang)噴器(qi)關閉腔(qiang)，使之(zhi)在(zai)幾秒鐘之(zhi)內關閉。控系系統(tong)在(zai)緊急情況下能將外部石(shi)油機(ji)械防(fang)噴器(qi)組(zu)與(yu)井(jing)口及時脫開，有效控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)下井(jing)口連接(jie)器(qi)、事故(gu)安全(quan)閥(fa)(fa)等，實現(xian)對水(shui)下石(shi)油機(ji)械防(fang)噴器(qi)組(zu)和地面(mian)設備準確．迅速的(de)操(cao)作(zuo)和控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。該系統(tong)主要由(you)液壓(ya)動(dong)力裝置、主控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)板．鉆(zhan)臺控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)板、遙控扳、液壓(ya)管線(xian)絞盤，絞盤控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)板．應急電池直流黽源．控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盒．地面(mian)及水(shui)下儲能器(qi)組(zu)和若干梭閥(fa)(fa)組(zu)成。

石(shi)油機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防噴器產品(pin)主(zhu)要有兩種控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)形式一液壓控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)液控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。液壓控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)成本低，工作可靠，防爆(bao)性能好，技術相對(dui)成熟，但(dan)響應時間比較長，目前多適用(yong)近距(ju)離和(he)(he)淺水鉆井石(shi)油機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防噴器控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)液控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)件(jian)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)傳感元(yuan)件(jian)，先導控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)時間短，從(cong)而(er)縮短了石(shi)油機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防噴器開、關所需的時間，適合于遠距(ju)離控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。

隨著水深的增加，對石(shi)油機械防噴器(qi)組的要求也越(yue)來越(yue)高，石(shi)油機械防噴器(qi)高度變化(hua)會對下(xia)(xia)部結構(gou)(gou)造成影響．特(te)別是(shi)在無導(dao)向繩作業的情(qing)況下(xia)(xia)，這就(jiu)要保(bao)證與下(xia)(xia)部結構(gou)(gou)保(bao)留足夠大的間隙。

目前，一些大型國際石油(you)公司(si)在深水(shui)(shui)作業中多采用(yong)(yong)聲納應(ying)急控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統，主要包括地面聲納控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統．水(shui)(shui)下聲納控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)盒，備用(yong)(yong)電池和儲能器(qi)，通過地面聲納遙控(kong)裝置及水(shui)(shui)下聲納控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統來實現對石油(you)機械防(fang)噴器(qi)應(ying)急功能的控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。

完井(jing)工(gong)程與石油(you)機械防噴器已經成為深水鉆(zhan)井(jing)安全(quan)保障(zhang)的重要技術手段，也是石油(you)工(gong)業(ye)走向深水的的基礎。